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Objective@#To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in Ningbo City from 2011 to 2020, so as to provide the evidence for developing the control measures of pulmonary tuberculosis.@*Methods@#The data pertaining to pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Ningbo City from 2011 to 2020 were collected from the Tuberculosis Management Information System of the Chinese Disease Control and Prevention Information System. The temporal distribution, population distribution, regional distribution and case report by hospitals were descriptively analyzed.@*Results@#Totally 38 305 pulmonary tuberculosis cases were reported in Ningbo City from 2011 to 2020, with an incidence rate of 48.71/105. The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis appeared a tendency towards a decline ( P<0.05 ), with an annual reduction rate of 5.29%. There were 15 784 smear-positive cases ( 41.21% ), and the proportion of smear-positive cases appeared a tendency towards a reduction from 2011 to 2015 ( P<0.05 ), and a rise from 2016 to 2020 ( P<0.05 ). The number of reported pulmonary tuberculosis cases peaked from March to May (10 973 cases, 28.65%), and a higher incidence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis was found in men than in women ( 64.55/105 vs. 32.20/105, P<0.05 ). The highest incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis was found in cases at ages of 15 to 25 years ( 72.93/105 ), followed by in cases at ages of 65 years and greater ( 69.97/105 ), and farmers were the predominant occupation among the pulmonary tuberculosis patients ( 12 279 cases, 32.06% ). During the period from 2011 to 2020, pulmonary tuberculosis cases were reported across the 10 districts or counties of Ningbo City, and the top three high incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis were seen in Yinzhou District ( 59.91/105 ), Fenghua District ( 56.19/105 ) and Beilun District ( 56.01/105 ). The proportion of pulmonary tuberculosis cases reported by designated pulmonary tuberculosis hospitals increased from 72.16% in 2011 to 99.74% in 2020 in Ningbo City.@*Conclusions@#The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis appeared a tendency towards a decline in Ningbo City from 2011 to 2020, and the annual decline rate meets the requirements of the WHO strategic goal of ending pulmonary tuberculosis; however, the control measures for pulmonary tuberculosis require to be intensified among men, youths, and farmers.
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Objective@#To investigate the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in Ningbo City from 2015 to 2020, so as to provide insights into tuberculosis control.@*Methods@#The data of pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Ningbo City from 2015 to 2020 were collected from Tuberculosis Management Information System of China Disease Control and Prevention Information System, and were linked with the geographic information database of Ningbo Planning Design and Research Institute. The software SaTScan version 10.3 was employed for monthly spatio-temporal scanning and cluster analysis of reported pulmonary tuberculosis cases, populations, longitude and latitude in 153 townships of Ningbo City from 2015 to 2020. @*Results@#There were one class Ⅰ cluster and two class Ⅱ clusters of pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Ningbo City from 2015 to 2020, and the class Ⅰ cluster was centered in Song'ao Township and covered 37 townships, with aggregation time from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017, while class Ⅱ clusters were covered 38 tounships which were centered in Sanqishi Township of Yuyao County, and one township in Hangzhou Bay New Town. The aggregation time was from January to June in 2015 and 2016, from March to August between 2017 and 2019 and between May and October, 2020. The overall reported incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis appeared a tendency towards a decline in each township of Ningbo City from 2015 to 2020; however, the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis was more than 80 per 100 thousand in Fuming Township of Yinzhou District and Juexi Township of Xiangshan County in 2020.@*Conclusions@#There were significant spatio-temporal clustering characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis incidence at a township level in Ningbo City from 2015 to 2020, and the clusters were mainly concentrated in the central and eastern Ningbo City. The reported incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis is high in Fuming Township of Yinzhou District and Juexi Township of Xiangshan County, where targeted regional tuberculosis control strategies should be implemented.
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BACKGROUND@#Ambient fine particle (PM@*METHODS@#A time-stratified case-crossover design was used to analyze YLL from respiratory diseases in the elderly related to ambient PM@*RESULTS@#Each 10 μg/m@*CONCLUSIONS@#Birth season which reflects the early-life PM
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Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Air Pollutants/analysis , Cause of Death , China/epidemiology , Cross-Over Studies , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Life Expectancy , Particulate Matter/analysis , Respiration Disorders/mortality , SeasonsABSTRACT
Objective@#To understand the health literacy and healthy city satisfaction of residents in Ningbo,and to provide a basis for further development of healthy city .@*Methods@#The permanent residents aged 15 years old and above in six urban districts of Ningbo were selected by stratified multi-stage sampling and probability-proportionate-to-size sampling method. The health literacy and healthy city satisfaction of residents were surveyed by a self-designed questionnaire. Multivariate linear regression model was used to analyze the correlation between health literacy and healthy city satisfaction .@*Results@#A total of 3 300 people were investigated and 3 035 valid questionnaires were returned,with an effective rate of 91.97%. The scores of health literacy were 22.67±4.83 in males and 23.04±3.13 in females;the scores of healthy city satisfaction were 3.30±0.32 in males and 3.31±0.33 in females;there were no statistically significant differences in the scores above between genders（P>0.05）. The scores of health literacy were 25.65±4.14 in the residents aged 35-44 years and 20.34±3.54 in the residents aged 15-34 years;the scores of healthy city satisfaction were 3.16±0.32 in the former and 3.45±0.31 in the latter;the former scored higher in health literacy but lower in healthy city satisfaction than the latter （both P<0.05）. The scores of health literacy were 23.80±3.90 in the married residents and 18.94±3.22 in the single,divorced or widowed ones;the scores of healthy city satisfaction were 3.35±0.33 in the former and 3.22±0.32 in the latter;the former scored higher both in health literacy and healthy city satisfaction than the latter （both P<0.05）. The results of multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the higher the scores of health literacy,the higher the scores of healthy city satisfaction （β'=0.028,P<0.05） .@*Conclusion@#Improving health literacy of residents could improve their satisfaction with healthy city construction.
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Objective To explore the effect of carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) in the air on the myocardial infarction mortality in Ningbo,Zhejiang province,from 2011 to 2015.Methods The data of daily air quality surveillance and the causes of deaths in Ningbo from January 1,2011 to December 31,2015 were collected and the time series study using a generalized additive model was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the mortality of myocardial infarction and the air pollutants after adjustment for the long-term trend of death,weather conditions,"days of the week" and other confounding factors.Results The daily average concentrations of CO and O3 in Ningbo during 2011-2015 were 0.90 (0.02-3.31) mg/m3 and 82.78 (4-236) μg/m3,respectively.A total of 5 388 myocardial infarction deaths occurred,with a daily average of 3 deaths.In single-pollutant model,an increase of 0.1 mg/m3 in average concentration of CO could increase the risk of myocardial infarction mortality by 1.06％ (95％ CI:0.29％-1.93％) in general population,and by 1.26％ (95％ CI:0.28％-2.24％) in aged people aged ≥65 years in lagged 6 days,but the influence was not significant in people aged ＜65 years.The influence had no significant difference in males,but it increased the risk of myocardial infarction mortality by 1.77％ in females (95％ CI:0.44％-3.13％).In multipollutant model,CO did remain robust after adjusting for other co-pollutants.Whereas the effect of O3 had no significant influence.Conclusion These findings suggested that the increased risk of daily myocardial infarction mortality was associated with the increase of CO concentration,but no such association was found for O3 in Ningbo.
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Objective To observe and compare the clinical efficacy of fire needling versus electroacupuncture in treating knee osteoarthritis of kidney and marrow deficiency type.Methods One hundred and ten patients with knee osteoarthritis of kidney and marrow deficiency type were randomly allocated to two groups, a fire needling group of 56 cases and an electroacupuncture group of 54 cases. The fire needling group received filiform needle acupuncture and fire needle pricking and the electroacupuncture group, electroacupuncture. Treatment was given once every other day, for a total of four weeks as one course. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score were recorded in the two groups before and after treatment. The clinical therapeutic effects were compared between the two groups.Results The VAS score and the WOMAC subscores significantly decreased in both groups after treatment compared with those before treatment (P0.05). The VAS score and the WOMAC subscores decreased further in both groups at four weeks after treatment compared with those at the end of treatment (P0.05).Conclusions Both filiform needle acupuncture plus fire needle pricking and electroacupuncture can markedly relieve the pain and stiffness and improve joint function in knee osteoarthritis of kidney and marrow deficiency type. Both have an equivalent short-term therapeutic effect. Filiform needle acupuncture plus fire needle pricking has a better long-term therapeutic effect than electroacupuncture.
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Objective To explore the effect of carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) in the air on the myocardial infarction mortality in Ningbo,Zhejiang province,from 2011 to 2015.Methods The data of daily air quality surveillance and the causes of deaths in Ningbo from January 1,2011 to December 31,2015 were collected and the time series study using a generalized additive model was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the mortality of myocardial infarction and the air pollutants after adjustment for the long-term trend of death,weather conditions,"days of the week" and other confounding factors.Results The daily average concentrations of CO and O3 in Ningbo during 2011-2015 were 0.90 (0.02-3.31) mg/m3 and 82.78 (4-236) μg/m3,respectively.A total of 5 388 myocardial infarction deaths occurred,with a daily average of 3 deaths.In single-pollutant model,an increase of 0.1 mg/m3 in average concentration of CO could increase the risk of myocardial infarction mortality by 1.06％ (95％ CI:0.29％-1.93％) in general population,and by 1.26％ (95％ CI:0.28％-2.24％) in aged people aged ≥65 years in lagged 6 days,but the influence was not significant in people aged ＜65 years.The influence had no significant difference in males,but it increased the risk of myocardial infarction mortality by 1.77％ in females (95％ CI:0.44％-3.13％).In multipollutant model,CO did remain robust after adjusting for other co-pollutants.Whereas the effect of O3 had no significant influence.Conclusion These findings suggested that the increased risk of daily myocardial infarction mortality was associated with the increase of CO concentration,but no such association was found for O3 in Ningbo.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the differences in the clinical therapeutic effects on insomnia of spleen and stomach disharmony pattern in comparison of the combination of acupoint catgut-embedding therapy and auricular point pressure with the simple application of auricular point pressure.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and eighty patients of insomnia of spleen and stomach disharmony pattern were randomized into an observation group (93 cases) and a control group (87 cases). In the observation group, the combination of acupoint catgut-embedding therapy and auricular point pressure was adopted. The acupoint catgut-embedding therapy was applied at Zhongwan (CV 12), Anmian (Extra), Xinshu (BL 15), Pishu (BL 20), Weishu (BL 21), Zusanli (ST 36), Yinlingquan (SP 9) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6), once every two weeks. The auricular point pressure was applied to Shenmen (TF), Pizhixia (AT), Xin (CO), Pi (CO), Wei (CO) on both sides alternatively, twice a week. The duration of treatment was 2 months for the two groups. In the control group, the auricular point pressure was simply used with the same points, manipulation and treatment duration as the observation group. After treatment, the clinical therapeutic effects were observed in the patients of the two groups. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) score was compared before and after treatment in the two groups. The recurrence was followed up in 3 months after the end of treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>It was observed that 2 cases were dropped out in the observation group, 4 cases in the control group. The dropped out cases were considered to be ineffective. After treatment, the total effective rate was 92.5% (86/93) in the observation group and was 80.5% (70/87) in the control group. The result in the observation group was better than that in the control group (<0.05). After treatment, PSQI scores were all reduced apparently in the two groups as compared with those before treatment (both<0.05). The score after treatment and the different value before and after treatment in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (both<0.05). In 3-month follow-up after treatment, the recurrence rate was 3.2% (3/93) in the observation group, which was lower than 13.8% (12/87) in the control group (<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In the treatment of insomnia of spleen and stomach disharmony pattern, the acupoint catgut-embedding therapy combined with auricular point pressure are superior to the simple application of auricular point pressure in the clinical therapeutic effects, improving sleep quality and reducing the recurrence rate.</p>
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Objective To explore the short-term effect of particulate matters with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 μg (PM10) and aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 μg (PM2.5) on cardio-cerebrovascular mortality in Ningbo city.Methods Daily cardiocerebrovascular mortality data from 2011 to 2014 in Ningbo city were collected and the time series study using a semi-parametric generalized additive model were used to evaluate the relationship between the mortality of cardio-cerebrovascular disease and particulate matters after adjustment for the long-term trend of death,weather conditions,"days of the week" and other confounding factors.Results In single-pollutant model,the short-term effects of particulate matter on cardio-cerebrovascular mortality was strongest in lagged 2 days in Ningbo city,and an increase of 10 μg/m3 in moving average concentrations (lagged 2-3 days and lagged 2-4 days) of PM2.5 and PM10 could increase the cardio-cerebrovascular mortality by 0.55％ (0.23％-0.87％) and 0.53％ (0.28％-0.78％),respectively.In multi-pollutant models,PM10 did remain robust after being adjusted for PM2.5 with 0.58％ (0.09％-1.07％) increase in cardio-cerebrovascular mortality.The effect of PM2.5 had no statistical significantce after being adjusted for other co-pollutants.Conclusion These findings suggested that the concentrations of ambient particulate matters were associated with an increased risk of daily cardio-cerebrovascular mortality in Ningbo city.
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Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture plus oral administration ofZeling Guanjie Xiaozhong Heji in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) due to liver-kidney yin deficiency.Method Totally 126 patients with active RA due to liver-kidney yin deficiency were randomized into a treatment group and a control group, 63 cases in each group. The control group was prescribed with orally taking Methotrexate tablets and Leflunomide tablets, while the treatment group was intervened by electroacupuncture plus oral administration ofZeling Guanjie Xiaozhong Heji in addition to the medications given to the control group. The Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) was evaluated before and after intervention, and the therapeutic efficacies were compared based on the criteria of the American College of Rheumatoid (ACR) and syndrome of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).Result The ACR total effective rate was 87.3% in the treatment group versus 65.1% in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). The total effective rate based on TCM syndrome was 87.3% in the treatment group versus 73.0% in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in comparing the DAS28 score between the two groups after intervention (P<0.01).Conclusion Electroacupuncture plus oral administration of Chinese medication and western medication is an effective approach in treating RA due to liver-kidney yin deficiency, and it can significantly enhance the therapeutic efficacy based on ACR20 and TCM syndrome.
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Objective To explore the short-term effect of particulate matters with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 μg (PM10) and aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 μg (PM2.5) on cardio-cerebrovascular mortality in Ningbo city.Methods Daily cardiocerebrovascular mortality data from 2011 to 2014 in Ningbo city were collected and the time series study using a semi-parametric generalized additive model were used to evaluate the relationship between the mortality of cardio-cerebrovascular disease and particulate matters after adjustment for the long-term trend of death,weather conditions,"days of the week" and other confounding factors.Results In single-pollutant model,the short-term effects of particulate matter on cardio-cerebrovascular mortality was strongest in lagged 2 days in Ningbo city,and an increase of 10 μg/m3 in moving average concentrations (lagged 2-3 days and lagged 2-4 days) of PM2.5 and PM10 could increase the cardio-cerebrovascular mortality by 0.55％ (0.23％-0.87％) and 0.53％ (0.28％-0.78％),respectively.In multi-pollutant models,PM10 did remain robust after being adjusted for PM2.5 with 0.58％ (0.09％-1.07％) increase in cardio-cerebrovascular mortality.The effect of PM2.5 had no statistical significantce after being adjusted for other co-pollutants.Conclusion These findings suggested that the concentrations of ambient particulate matters were associated with an increased risk of daily cardio-cerebrovascular mortality in Ningbo city.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical efficacy of fire needling plus filiform needles in treating knee osteoarthritis and its effect on the patients’ quality of life.MethodOne hundred and one patients with knee osteoarthritis were randomly allocated to fire needling, filiform needle and combination groups. They were treated with fire needling, filiform needles and fire needling plus filiform needles, respectively. An assessment was made using the WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index and the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) in the 101 patients with knee osteoarthritis before and after treatment.ResultFire needling, filiform needles and fire needling plus filiform needles all had a marked therapeutic effect on knee osteoarthritis. The effect of fire needling plus filiform needles was better than those of fire needling and filiform needles (P<0.05,P<0.01). After four weeks of treatment, SF-36 quality of life item sub-scores increased in all the three groups of patients compared with before treatment (P<0.01); SF-36 role physical and general health scores were higher in the combination group than in the fire needling group (P<0.05, P<0.01); SF-36 physical functioning, role physical, general health, social functioning and mental health scores were higher in the combination group than in the filiform needle group (P<0.01).ConclusionFire needling plus filiform needles can effectively treat knee osteoarthritis and improve the patients’ quality of life. Its effects are superior to those of fire needling and filiform needles.
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Objective: To observe the effects of acupuncture on synovial pathology, synovial mast cell degranulation and tryptase expression and to investigate the relationship between the functions of mast cells and effects of acupuncture on early adjuvant arthritis in rats. Methods: Forty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group (n=16), untreated group (n=15) and acupuncture group (n=15). Adjuvant arthritis was induced by injection of 0.1 mL Freund's complete adjuvant in right hind limb footpad. Normal control group and untreated group received no acupuncture treatment, while rats in the acupuncture group were treated with sterilized disposable stainless steel needles inserted perpendicularly as deep as 2 to 3 mm at Xuanzhong (GB39), 6 mm at Shenshu (BL23) and 7 mm at Zusanli (ST36) for eight times (15 min each time) every two days. Setting the modeling day as the 0 day of the experiment, the body weight and paw volume of the rats were measured every three days from the 0 day. In the end, synovial tissues of the right hind ankles were sampled and made into paraffin sections. Then they were firstly stained with hematoxylin-eosin for observing synovial pathology to evaluate the effects of acupuncture on adjuvant arthritis, then stained with toluidine blue for observing the number and degranulation ratio of synovial mast cells and finally detected by immunohistochemical staining method to investigate the expression of tryptase in synovium. Results: Compared with the untreated group, the body weight of rats in the acpuncture group was increased significantly (P<0.05), while the paw volume decreased obviously (P<0.01). Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that acupuncture significantly inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration, synovial cell hyperplasia, and synovial fibroplasia in synovium of rats with adjuvant arthritis as compared with the untreated group (P<0.05). Toluidine blue staining showed that acupuncture could significantly diminish the numbers of total and degranulated mast cells in rats with adjuvant arthritis (P<0.01), which were significantly higher in the untreated group than in the normal control group (P<0.01). Showing by immunohistochemical staining, the expression of tryptase in synovium in the acupuncture group was decreased as compared with the untreated group (P<0.01). Analyzed by Spearman's bivariate correlation, the number of mast cells and degranulation ratio of mast cells were positively correlated with the pathological scores (r=0.837, P<0.01; r=0.634, P<0.01). Conclusion: Acupuncture can improve pathological condition of inflammatory synovium in rats with early adjuvant arthritis by inhibiting the function of synovial mast cells, which may play an important underlying role in the immunoregulation of acupuncture on adjuvant arthritis.